75447
2712-9934
Technology and Language
2
2
3
2021
1-141
EDI
RUS
1-7
0000-0001-9771-1391
Mokhorov
Dmitriy
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU)
St. Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251, Russia
Mokhorov
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia
Sign Systems and Technologies in Forensic Science
The problem of forming a terminological apparatus, the ratio of natural and artificial languages in Forensic Science are extremely important. Language as a system of means of expressing and transmitting information about material and ideal objects and phenomena in forensic science is not sufficiently researched but has recently received much attention in scientific literature. The collected papers study the verbal means of expression - the development and clarification of the conceptual apparatus, the formation of compound terms, or the use of abbreviations. Also, the emergence of new terms is reconstructed, and possible directions of activity are proposed to adapt the language of the forensic expert to the purposes of the judicial process. The interest in non-verbal sign-systems is equally strong, starting with the „electronic tongue,“ which permits the visual representation of the composition of microscopic quantities of substances for criminological purposes. There are discussions also of photographs and portraits as a set of visual signs, of face-recognition as a sign identification system, of holograms, graphics, models. The means of expression in forensic science are constantly changing, which is due to the rapid development of science and technology, changes in technologies used by experts and investigators in the performance of procedural actions. Forensic technologies are becoming more complicated, responding to the challenges of the present age by borrowing major achievements from other sciences in the process of solving and investigating crimes. The use of new technologies leads to the development of forensic capabilities in the investigation and disclosure and linguistic representation of crime.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.01
Forensics; Sign System; Technology
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.1/
1-7.pdf
RAR
RUS
8-15
Latyshov
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg
Pakhomov
Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Anosova
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia
Forensic Studies of Trace Evidence Altered by Fire
When investigating crimes involving fire, it is necessary to assess the event of a crime and the circumstances and to find the causes and spread of the fire, and the possible evidence supporting that the fire was used as a means of concealing a previously committed crime, i.e. murder, burglary, etc. Forensic studies of the objects damaged by the fire require the knowledge of theoretical aspects and the ability to detect and evaluate changed patterns in handprints, shoe prints, traces of break-in tools and documents, rifling impressions on bullets and shells that have been subjected to high temperatures. The paper outlines a list of objects of forensic examination that are relevant to disclosing and investigating crimes involving fire. During the course of the study the authors have reviewed the information available in forensic science literature and conducted their own experiment. The authors propose additional guidelines on techniques and methods for differentiating signs of thermal effects on traces and objects, evaluating the damage caused by heat and assessing the results for their effective use in identification and diagnostic procedures. The combination of the technologies used makes it possible to decipher the damaged language of traces
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.02
Trace Evidence
Forensic Studies
Fire
Thermal Effects
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.2/
8-15.pdf
RAR
RUS
16-30
Kochemirovskaya
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia
Kochemirovsky
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia
Laser Method of Micro-Composite Materials Synthesis for New Sensor Platforms of an “Electronic Tongue”
The information on the chemical composition of biological food mixes cannot be adequately received and submitted by traditional chemical analysis methods. The Electronic Tongue technology, composed of non-selective sensors, offers a modern language of submitting information on the composition of mixes. Sensor data are mathematically processed and visualized in the form of spatial clusters on the plane of the component coordinates chosen. At the same time the materials used for the sensors play an important role, and the microstructure differences of the bimetallic tracks provide distinction of their electrocatalytic responses to the mix composition analyzed. Whereas each separate response is not informative, the cumulative signal forms a mathematical image of the system. The authors offer a new laser method of synthesis of sensor-active micro-composite materials, solid-state bimetallic solid solutions and two-phase ones. Their microstructure is investigated by the methods of the X-ray phase, and electronic and microscopic analyses. The measurements in electrochemical cells show the presence of electrocatalytic activity and selectivity of new materials in relation to the human blood components. The method used allows to “draw” using a laser beam on the dielectric substrate of the micro-composite structure of a necessary configuration. The authors offer, according to the principles of the functioning of the electronic tongue, a new family of an electrocatalytically active nanomaterial that will allow to create new types of sensor matrixes and to expand the electronic tongue scopes.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.03
Electronic tongue; Electronic nose; Criminalistic analysis; Laser deposition; Analysis of physiological liquids; Micro-composites; Electrocatalytically active materials
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.3/
16-30.pdf
RAR
RUS
31-40
Isaev
Research Institute of Forensic Science, Moscow, Russia
The Language of Technical Examinations and Forensic Science
There is a problem of understanding the language of forensic experts by other participants in court. This article discusses the language system of an expert. The author proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of this system. It specifies the reasons why the scientific style of the language does not fully meet the requirements of forensic examination. Recommendations for improving the language system are therefore included. The expert language consists of a natural language, a scientific language, and a formalized sign language. At the same time, its legal significance requires that it adapts to law enforcement which is hindered by the overuse of formalized and scientifically specialized linguistic apparatus, resulting in complex linguistic constructions that make it difficult to understand. Although in some cases the inclusion of formulae and special methods of analysis in an expert opinion is inevitable, it is often possible to use symbols and scientific laws that are included in the school curriculum. Particular attention should nevertheless be paid to the meaning of the given calculations. It is recommended to include a list of terms and abbreviations used in the research part of the expert's report. An expert must become a “translator” who can easily convey to an investigator or judge legally important information resulting from scientific research and the methodology for obtaining it. It is recommended not to use a scientific style of presentation, but a popular scientific substyle, which includes not highly specialized, but common terminology, allowing for simplification of definitions, the use of descriptive phrases, comparisons and examples. This paper also presents the experience of Professor Viktor Vasilyevich Strekopytov who introduced a visual language of drawings, diagrams and graphs into the language system of experts. The practice of supplementing the expert opinion with visual materials does not exempt experts from the need for a detailed verbal description, which should not only give a complete picture, but also focus on semantic details.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.04
Language; Expert's language system; Popular Scientific Substyle; Forensics; Criminalistics
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.4/
31-40.pdf
RAR
RUS
41-53
Latyshov
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg
The Automated Expert Workplace as a Tool for Technological Support for Forensic Expert Activities
The forensic institutions of the Russian Federation draw on the advanced achievements of science and technology to account for the state of modern crime, the methods of committing and concealing crimes. In order to achieve this efficiency at the present stage, issues of technological support of forensic expert activity are of particular relevance. Based on an analysis of the scientific knowledge-base, it is noted that for the successful solution of tasks through the effective use of innovative technical and forensic tools, the organization of forensic expert activity involves the introduction of automated workstations. However, when creating some of them, the developers focus exclusively on the technical side of the issue which reduces the possibility of including the complexities of solving expert problems. In this case, one is not dealing with an expert's workstation, but with a set of technical means aimed at performing individual operations in the technological chain of production of an expert study (calculation of parameters, storing information, printing out the text of the conclusion, etc.). An automated workstation should include not only a set of technological solutions for various forensic tasks and databases, but also programs that facilitate the creation of expert opinion required for court sessions, including a presentation of the processing sequence of the analyzed objects. In the development of the question, the characteristics are shown of the currently established expert automated workstations („POISK”, “Raster” etc.). An automated workstation of an expert and its educational modification are effective tools of modern expert technologies that allow solving problems in the production of forensic examinations, conducting forensic records, as well as training specialists at a fundamentally new level. Their use makes it possible to optimize the solution of practical and educational problems, which contributes to improving the quality of disclosure and investigation of crimes in general.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.05
Expert workstation
Forensic activity
Technology
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.5/
41-53.pdf
RAR
RUS
54-67
Khairusov
Military Academy of Material and Technical Support named after General of the Army A.V. Khrulev of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Portrait Expertise
The digitalization of the urban environment, the introduction of digital technologies in almost all areas of the functioning of modern society forms a specific environment of digital reality. This includes the areas of transport and communications, banking, the energy system, housing and communal services, trade, health, education, and the active development of information and communication technologies, all of which characteristically involve personal identification. This identification often relies on various biometric technologies, which, in turn, increase the demand for law enforcement purposes of identification portrait expertise. In the article, the author briefly describes the history of improving the tools and methods of portrait examination. This leads into a discussion of the theory and practice of the development of identification portrait examination in the context of the global trend of integrating facial recognition technologies into the security systems of residential and commercial facilities, urban infrastructure, and the banking sector. By taking into account the urgency of the problem, this serves the objective to evaluate the practice of using portrait expertise in criminal proceedings and to identify the directions of its further development. Promising directions for the development of identification portrait expertise are formulated for the purposes of criminal proceedings especially regarding the formation and functioning of a specific digital reality environment. For the effective use of the portrait examination capabilities that are provided by modern information technologies, it is necessary to develop common global standards for personal identification parameters, and to actively accumulate identification information in databases.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.06
Portrait expertise; Habitoscopy; Identification; Special knowledge; Criminal procedure
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.6/
54-67.pdf
RAR
RUS
68-76
Telyatitskaya
Belarus State Economic University, Minsk, Belarus
Digital Photography of Crime Scenes in the Production in Forensic Examinations
Digital photography, being a fairly new means of documenting crime scenes, is firmly included in forensic activity as an important way of collecting and securing evidence, as a necessary function of any crime scene investigation. Forensic photography in general, and digital photography in particular, is a special sign system that allows to describe the scene of the crime more accessible and objectively than verbal ways of expressing information. It provides additional information for specialists who make an objective perception of the situation, or objects, the description of which is difficult lends itself to presentation in connection with a significant number or complexity of perception. Photography also gives an opportunity to re-conduct the investigation of the crime scene. The use of digital photography allows to fix traces and visually represent the situation when a crime was committed in court. Features of the image of the crime scene, technologies of visualization of hidden evidence, provide digital photography an important place in the investigation of the crime scene. Achievements in image editing, the latest software, lighting features when taking photographs help to thoroughly study the details of the crime. The language of digital photography "tells" the story of the crime, which experts and investigators must decipher and describe. Technological solutions make it possible to "read" something invisible to the eye, for example, и marking substances right on the scene or by using special lighting and filters, and also inaccessible without the help of endoscopes, drones and other devices. At the same time, photography is a complex of optical, technical, ideological aesthetic codes, is a certain way of interpreting reality. Therefore, it is required to take into account the meaning of the codes and analytical processing of the image for the transition to the criminological interpretation of the visual trace. Thus, digital photography has significant advantages over analog, expanding the possibilities of understanding objects, but also complicating the interpretation of the data obtained.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.07
Digital Photography
Forensics
Crime Scenes
Digital technologies
Investigation
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.7/
68-76.pdf
RAR
RUS
77-85
Menshikov
Expert agency “VITTA”, St. Petersburg, Russia
Modeling Methods in Forensic Engineering and Technical Expertise: Artificial Languages of Modeling in Forensics
In forensic science, graphic, mathematical and computer models are often used for technical reconstructions and the provision, for example, of fire-technical expertise. In the field of forensic safety, simulations are used to determine the causes of accidents and whether it was possible to prevent them. Here alternative computer models produce likely versions of the incident and the possible causes of hardware failure. To the extent that these alternatives rely on certain physical laws and initial data, they offer alternatives languages to represent incidents. An example of this is provided by zone and field modeling of a fire with their varying degrees of complexity, accuracy and reliance on background assumptions. Zone models are based on mathematical relations from empirical observations, such as the stratification of fluid zones. They offer a relatively broad view of mass and energy exchanges in an enclosure. The fire is described by heat and mass release rates. After discretization, the system‘s two-equation closure for turbulence that constitutes the core of a zone model is solved by way of computing resources. The time evolution of the different variables in a given zone and the flows of energy and mass between two adjacent zones are then calculated. Field models are based on fundamentals of fluid mechanics and represent the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to fire scenarios. The environment is divided into a large number of small cells whose size must be related to the combination of geometric complexity, time discretization and the magnitude of flows passing through opposing faces of the cell. On the basis of this mesh, the fluid flows induced by a fire are calculated by applying the basic equations of fluid dynamics. Consequently, the data that are obtained from these zone and fields models of fire differ in nature, quality and quantity. Moreover, the integration of other heat transfer mechanisms requires the set up of a parallel application of sub-models that interact with the core model. Further sub-models must be integrated to take account of other phenomena that cannot be correctly represented by the core model, such as turbulence. It is evident that despite the use of formulas from fundamental physics, this does not mean that the models will fully reflect reality. Especially computer modeling is in demand in situations of uncertainty. It enables the construction not only of models of specific objects and incidents, but also a model of criminal phenomena in general. There are both local models of urban crime based on historical, geographic, demographic data and information from social networks, as well as universal systems of Agent modeling of criminal behavior. However, at the moment, the use of artificial intelligence for modeling in the field of forensic science is limited due to the lack of clarity in the process of building the model.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.08
Modeling; Forensics; Forensic Engineering and Technical Expertise; Artificial Language
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.8/
77-85.pdf
RAR
RUS
86-95
Aurora
Università degli studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Natural Language as a Technological Tool
Language is a technological tool, since it is the outcome of a process of exteriorisation of a set of intentional practices. This process of exteriorisation is semiotic in nature. Language as technology and technology as language are thus ways of socialize consciousness. On the basis of some recent results in applied linguistics, the paper suggests that language and technology have to be considered as “functioning” when they enable social relations, by collectivising consciousness and producing a sort of social intelligence as well as an increase of complexity; on the other hand, language and technology have to be considered as “non-functioning” when they hinder socialization, privatize consciousness and reduce complexity, as is the case in automatized and algorithmic treatment of languages. This concept of language requires a reconsideration of the ways in which linguistics and philosophy of language understand semiotic practices and demands a shift from an “autonomist view” to a “political view” of language.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.09
Natural language; Technological tool; Social intelligence; Algorithm
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.9/
86-95.pdf
RAR
RUS
96-105
17344631600
0000-0002-2173-4084
Nordmann
Alfred
Institut für Philosophie, Darmstadt Technical University
nordmann@phil.tu-darmstadt.de
First and Last Things: The Signatures of Visualization-Artists
Nanotechnology began for real when Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer used 35 xenon-atoms to spell the name of their sponsor “IBM.” The resulting image has since been called “The Beginning” and, indeed, physical processes at the molecular level have since been used countless times to write the names of laboratories and sponsors and sometimes logos (including, of course, the White House and the American Flag). Indeed, when we conquer new territory, we tend to mark our presence and produce a souvenir of it by carving our name. But the first things we do may express our final purposes and thus already anticipate the last things we do. By signing their names as artists do, nanoscale researchers have claimed not only specific accomplishments but also their proximity to the arts – they are embarking on an explicitly creative project, namely to shape the world atom by atom in their own image.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.10
Molecular writing
Signatures
Names
Theoretical understanding and technical control
Willfulness
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.10/
96-105.pdf
RAR
RUS
106-125
Pokrovskaia
Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia , St. Petersburg, Russia
Tyulin
Leningrad State University named after Alexander Pushkin, Pushkin, Russia
Psychological Features of the Regulative Mechanisms Emerging in Digital Space
Since the Spring of 2020 and due to the Pandemic, the massive transition to online spaces has magnified the issue of the influence of digital regulation on the choice of behavior on the Internet as a special cultural and symbolic environment. The article presents a theoretical analysis of regulatory mechanisms in the digital environment. It discusses the main problem of choosing behavioral models in cyberspace. The purpose of the research is thus to systematize psychological approaches to the study of the regulation of human behavior as it is translated to the digital environment. The research was carried out by a qualitative methodology of discussions among teachers and students. Three problem areas of behavior regulation were identified, namely the acceptance of responsibility, the externalization of motivation, and the simplification of choice. These are reflected in the evolution of regulatory mechanisms for the formation of value judgments, the fragmentation and breaking of chains of activity, and the feedback system or social control which acquire a quantitative dimension in digital space. The limitations of the results obtained are due to the qualitative methodology that was adopted for the empirical part of the research, that is, with its concentration on the educational sphere, with the period of the pandemic and with the stress that was due to the overall transition to online learning. Conceptually, however, there are social implications in regard to the discovery of public or state interventions, especially the regulation of activity of social media, of institutions functioning online and of individual and group (households, institutions) users. The original value of the research relates to the systemic analysis of psychological approaches to the problem areas of regulation of human behavior in digital space. The study substantiates the need for independent regulatory activity as a special type of governance of behavior in the digital environment, contradicting the “Google doctrine“ that presupposes natural self-regulation and self-organization on the Internet.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.11
Digital society
Regulation
Psychology
Personal development
Behavior
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.11/
106-125.pdf
RAR
RUS
126-141
Schlabach
University of Turku, Turku, Finland
0000-0003-4736-9019
Hufeisen
Darmstadt Technical University, Darmstadt, Germany
Plurilingual School and University Curricula
This contribution introduces plurilingual curricula as a development tool geared both to linking up the curricula of individual languages and fostering cross-linkages between language and content subject curricula. This approach represents a solid fundament for tertiary language didactics and can also supply a common foundation for school and university language learning policies and relevant school-university cooperation projects. The principle underlying (genuinely!) plurilingual university courses based on research and featuring a doubly multilingual didactic approach is explored. This is followed by discussion of the scope and design of a new research project accompanying the implementation of a plurilingual curriculum at a school in Liechtenstein.
10.48417/technolang.2021.02.12
Plurilingual Learning Policy
Doubly Multilingual Languages Didactics
Plurilingual Whole School Curriculum
Factor Model of Multiple Language Learning
https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2021.3.12/
126-141.pdf