75447 2712-9934 5 4 17 2024 1-160

EDI RUS 1-11 0000-0002-0496-5059 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Bréard Andrea

Erlangen, Germany

0000-0001-7102-7479 Darmstadt Technical University Tamborini Marco

Darmstadt, Germany

Translation: The Interfaces of Language and Technology The many languages in which technological objects are written – visual, natural, symbolic, olfactory, artefactual, etc. – and the many ways in which technology is used to translate between these languages raises a series of philosophical questions. This editorial surveys some of these questions, providing a brief introduction to the growing interest in the concept and practices of translation as a key to understanding our relationship with and the production of technological objects and knowledge forms. We focus on epistemological aspects of the linguistic and grammatical turn in technology studies and anthropological questions of the use of translation as an epistemological tool to better delineate the characteristics of the human being. Finally, the seven articles contained in this special issue on Translation - Theory and Technology are briefly presented in terms of their common thematic and philosophical approaches. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.01 16 Epistemology of translation Anthropology of translation Transcultural conceptual change Homo translator https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.1/ 1-11.pdf

RAR RUS 12-19 0000-0002-2952-8373 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kazakova Alexandra

Beijing, China

Translanguaging in Engineering Practice Multilingualism is characteristic to engineering practice. The historical evolution of engineering implies the growing role of scientific knowledge which is explicated through the languages of mathematics, natural sciences and programming. Similarly, the contemporary organizational forms of engineering activity rely on the growing body of formalized rules and quantitative metrics, although the residuals of tacit and practical knowledge are known to persist. On the other side, engineering as collective practice is unfolding both through the formal and informal communication, which contextualizes meanings within the unique constellations of actors, institutional hierarchies, and sociomaterial assemblages. The ensemble of natural and formal languages and visualizations, and switching between different language functions reflect the complexity of engineering activities. Of special interest is the process of translanguaging, which has been studied predominantly in the context of international communication. Following the Vygotsky-Leontiev approach, translanguaging in engineering practice is discussed from the point of view of speech and collective learning. The empirical studies highlight the heuristic aspect of translanguaging. The intertwining of languages in engineering is often not seamless – the collective learning processes become explicit when the languages meet their limitations, revealing both insufficiency and complementarity, and becoming a problem or a subject of reflection themselves. The further implications for epistemology of engineering are discussed: the processes of production and explication of knowledge, the relationship between knowledge and activity, and the status of the cognitive subject. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.02 62:811 Engineering practice Engineering knowledge Activity theory Philosophy of engineering Engineering studies https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.2/ 12-19.pdf

RAR RUS 20-37 0000-0002-0729-6698 Pyatigorsk State University Baryshnikov Pavel

Pyatigorsk, Russia

0009-0001-0881-1073 Pyatigorsk State University Velis Lolita

Pyatigorsk, Russia

Perceptual Experience and the Problem of Translation: Olfactory Metaphor in Technical and Literary Texts Language as a system and its connection with the perceptual properties of consciousness, reflected in the linguistic picture of the world, is the most important research object of modern scientific studies of language. Today, perceptual vocabulary is studied through various methodological approaches in the disciplinary field of cognitive research. This article examines the perception of smell as a special type of perceptual experience reflected in the semantics of olfactory vocabulary (vocabulary for describing smells and the experience of perceiving smells). The complexity of classification and description of olfactory perceptual experience, as well as its rich associative semantic component, make the olfactory language code difficult to translate, and therefore there is a need to develop translation strategies applicable when working with this non-trivial language material. The purpose of this research is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of olfactory vocabulary in technical and literary texts. Here, “technical” means texts that accompany marketing and production processes in the manufacture of aromatic substances and products, for which the composition of the aroma is one of the main identifying properties of the product (perfumes, tea, wine, etc.). Since technical and literary texts have different functional goals, it is expected that the use of olfactory vocabulary and the properties of metaphorical contexts will differ significantly. We believe that this difference poses unusual problems for the translator, and in this research, we will discuss methods for solving them. The illustrative materials for the study were examples of descriptions of the olfactory field from technical texts, as well as examples of literary and artistic olfactory descriptions from the National Corpus of the Russian Language selected using the continuous sampling method. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.03 81-119 Olfactory experience Perceptual vocabulary Olfactory metaphor Perfume discourse Translation problem Translation strategies https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.3/ 20-37.pdf

RAR RUS 38-58 0000-0001-8156-1253 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Sokolova Nina

St.Petersburg, Russia

Translating Sounds into Visual Images, and Vice Versa This article outlines the history of theoretical developments, techniques and technologies for translating audio track sounds into graphic elements or pictorial images, and vice versa. The presentation includes various attempts by philosophers (Pythagoras, Aristotle), artists (Guiseppe Arcimboldo, Olivier Messiaen, Alexander Scriabin, Arnold Schoenberg, Wassily Kandinsky, Valentin Afanasyev, Richard David James), natural scientists (Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, Ernst Chladni, Hans Jenny), engineers (Louis Bertrand Castel, Evgeny Sholpo, Arseny Avraamov, Boris Yankovsky) to reveal the unity of color and sound and  to translate colors as well as drawings into sound forms and vice versa. It features a whole variety of such translation types throughout the history of humankind, including mathematical, neuropsychological, physical, technical, and software translation. In the first type, translation is carried out by correlating the wavelength of a particular sound or musical tonality with a certain hue. Its adherents created a color and sound matching table based on their calculated mathematical formulas. Some of them then construct technical devices (like color-harpsichords) that allow this translation to be clearly demonstrated to the public. Within the framework of the neuropsychological approach, the phenomenon of synesthesia is being analyzed as well as the manifestations of this ability for a holistic perception of reality by artists and musicians who tried to convey their experience through works of art in which color and sound are constantly converted into each other. Representatives of physical translation focus on translating sounds into graphic forms and conduct experiments on the effect of sounds of different frequencies and amplitudes on physical substances such as sand, special powder or even liquids, classifying the resulting graphic forms. Adepts of technical translation are mainly engaged in sound recording, which is carried out by applying certain graphic patterns to film. A modern software approach allows for the translation of sound and image into each other in both directions using digital technologies. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.04 1:001(075.8) Sound-Color Translation Sound of Image Seeing Sound Multimodal Perception Synesthesia Audio-Visual Unity https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.4/ 38-58.pdf

RAR RUS 59-70 0000-0002-2029-9930 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Azarov Konstantin

Bonn, Germany

Memory and Style: Leo Tolstoy’s philosophy, the Tao Te Ching, and Machine Translation In a world of intercultural conflict, when the Huntingtonian paradigm reaches new levels of relevance, all sources of cultural self-reflection and intercultural dialogue are vital. Answering to Francois Jullien’s notion of the gap, Tolstoy’s views on translation exhibit its integrative potentional which machines cannot grasp. Some, like Alan Turing, developed the notion of an artificial intelligence in respect to a harmonizing dialogue, others defined it with reference to translation as perfect simulation. This raises the question whether translation should also be considered a harmonizing dialogue between two cultures. Tolstoy shows that it is more than mere harmonization but involves integration, thus indicating how the worlds of automated and human translation are unrelated to each other, coinciding only by accident or luck. Tolstoy moved from the idea of intellectual progress through harmonization to that of integration, from saying to showing, producing a cultural amalgam. From a literal point of view, translations can be semantically and syntactically incorrect, and yet reflect the state the original author was in.  The opening stanza of Laozi’s Tao Te Ching in the Russian translation edited by Tolstoy demonstrates this complexity. The psychological effects of the illogical or absurd, of koans, and of brilliant poesy, are indeed the final challenge to automated translation. In respect to Taoism, this has been discussed by Evgeny Torchinov, and it will be shown also by attending to Tolstoyan translational strategies regarding the Tao Te Ching. Machines should not replace human translators for cultural communication. Even in a world of total and totalitarian neuromorphic production, human translation will have the potential to function as a special kind of communicative art. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.05 882 + 299.513 AI Communication Laozi Integral l’ecart Cultural amalgam https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.5/ 59-70.pdf

RAR RUS 71-83 0000-0002-2068-9250 Institute of Business Career Sakhnevich Sergey

Moscow, 109029, Russia

Experimental Translation Assessment – A Recipient-Oriented Approach There are numerous techniques and technologies for checking the accuracy and quality of translations. Most familiar perhaps is reverse translation which focuses on the quality of the translator or machine translation system. This paper adopts the perspective of the recipient of the translation and thus on readers' perceptions of the translated text: recipient experiments evaluate the recipient's perception and comprehension of the translated material. Two types of recipient experiments are distinguished – experiments in the natural setting and phenomenological experiments. The first kind of experiment revolves around the demographic and cultural characteristics of the readers: Do they successfully achieve an understanding of the original text in their native language? Phenomenological experiments approach translation as a process of reproduction and transmission of the emotional, cultural, and contextual aspects of texts. For example, in an experiment with the translation of poetry, native speakers of both languages read the original poem and its translation. Afterwards, a survey is conducted to understand what feeling or emotion the original poem evoked and how this feeling was conveyed in the translation. Typically in phenomenological experiments the self-reporting of subjects about internal states is part of the methodology. This method brings to the fore the interests and expectations of readers. It points to the predicament that translation requires audience segmentation but that this segmentation can be arbitrarily fine-grained. This applies also to the translation of technical texts at different levels of expertise. Ultimately, the phenomenological approach opens up opportunities not just for predicting reactions to translation, but for an understanding of how recipients perceive and interpret the text. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.06 1: 81`25 Translation assessment Recipient-oriented translation Perceptions of meaning Phenomenological experiment https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.6/ 71-83.pdf

RAR RUS 84-102 0000-0002-4173-2000 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Belov Vadim

St.Petersburg, Russia

0000-0002-6057-1580 Joint Stock Company "Power Machines" Belova Valentina

Saint Petersburg, Russia

The Problem of Translation of Discourse Markers (Based on the Russian and English Languages) The article examines discourse markers as linguistically specific units and discusses the problems of their translation. Discourse markers are units that are capable of organizing a text and expressing different pragmatic meanings. This study examines discourse markers that express the degree of reliability (of course, certainly, obviously, naturally, etc.). The purpose of the study is to describe the semantic properties of discourse markers that determined their classification as linguistically specific units. Linguistically specific units are those that do not have an unambiguous lexical analogue in another language. The hypothesis of the study is that the linguistic specificity of the discourse markers of the studied group is primarily associated with their multifunctionality, that is, the ability to express different pragmatic functions depending on the context. The material for the study is the data from the English-Russian and Russian-English parallel corpora of the National Russian Corpus. The study established that the translation of these discourse markers is determined by pragmatic function in the text, individual authorial preferences and stylistic limitations. The semantics of discourse markers is flexible and is largely determined by the context. discourse markers perform two types of functions: the main functions associated with the expression of confidence in the reported, and peripheral functions involving dialogization of the text (introduction of a new topic, establishment of contact, attention management, etc.) and expression (amplification) of emotions. When choosing discourse markers, the influence of individual preferences of the translator is noted. Analyzed discourse markers have stylistic limitations that are taken into account during translation. This study confirms the presence of an intermediary mental system between the original text and its translation. The translator first creates an internal semantic representation of the text content, after which he conveys it by means of another language. Thus, the discourse markers of this group are complex words for translation, when working with which it is necessary to take into account the anthropocentric (cognitive) and functional aspects of translation. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.07 81`25 Discourse markers Translation Parallel corpus Pragmatic functions Linguistically specific words https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.7/ 84-102.pdf

RAR RUS 103-118 0000-0002-7956-4567 Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University Kozan Olena

Ankara, Türkiye

0000-0001-9651-4353 Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation Micallef Larisa

Moscow, Russia

Linguacultural Artefacts for Translation Training This paper explores the implementation of a “phygital” approach in Turkish-Russian translation training, using traditional Turkish folk songs, known as Türkü, as linguistic and cultural artifacts. Türkü carry significant layers of meaning, making them invaluable resources for training future translators and philologists. Despite extensive research on türkü, studies focusing on its translation are scarce. The paper advocates for a phygital approach, blending physical and digital dimensions to be implemented in the training process of translators and philologists. The study is grounded in cognitive theories of language, emphasizing language as a primary encoding system that shapes human perception of reality. The theoretical framework integrates onomasiological approaches to language and considers translation as a process of structural and semantic transformations between distinct encoding systems. The results of this and previous studies reveal the efficacy of generative models in capturing certain linguistic and cultural aspects but underscore the indispensability of human involvement, particularly in context-based interpretation and post-translation analysis. The research advocates for a balanced integration of artificial intelligence and human expertise in translation education, with educators serving as mentors to guide students through linguistic and cultural intricacies. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.08 81-26:347.78.034 Phygital Translation Training Turkish-Russian Türkü Artificial Intelligence https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.8/ 103-118.pdf

RAR RUS 120-142 Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University Farrokh Parisa

Lahijan, Iran

Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University Afzali Maryam

Lahijan, Iran

Flipped Instruction of English as a Foreign Language: Effects on Reading Comprehension and Speaking Skills This study investigates the development of reading comprehension and speaking skills through flipped instruction of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. The current study adopts a quasi-experimental design: 50 female students at Koosha institute in Langarud were selected.  Their age ranged from 11 to 16 years. The group of participants was homogenized using the Nelson proficiency test.  Participants were then assigned to the experimental and control groups. Each group consisted of 25 students. Both groups were taught by the same teacher.  Moreover, the same syllabus and textbook were used for both groups. After that, the pre-tests of speaking and reading skills were administered to both groups to test students' reading comprehension and speaking level before the flipped instruction. Then the experimental group was exposed to flipped instruction for 8 sessions while the control group received a placebo. Finally, the post-tests of reading comprehension and speaking skill were administered to both groups in order to find out significance differences between them. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in reading comprehension (p = .004, p < .05) and speaking skill ( p = .003, p< .05). Furthermore, we found that the experimental group demonstrated greater improvement in speaking skills compared to reading during flipped instruction. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.09 811.111: 374.31 EFL Learners Flipped Instruction Language Reading Comprehension Speaking Skill Technology https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.9/ 120-142.pdf

RAR RUS 143-157 Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Cheng Sumei

Shanghai, China

Ethical Reflections on Persuasive Technology Persuasive technology arose as a new kind of interdisciplinary field of arts and science. Techniques and technologies of persuasion traditionally involved oral or written language, be it for the presentation of arguments or for rhetorical strategies and seductive slogans. In contrast, the term now refers to a human-computer interaction technology that has the ability to influence or even to change people’s perceptions, attitudes, or behaviors. There is a wide range of applications with significant social impact. However, the novelty, concealment, polymorphism, and other characteristics of AI products with persuasive functions will conceal their intentions, limit the free choice of their users, put their users in a disadvantaged position, and might even prove to be addictive. In order to avoid or mitigate these problems, it is necessary to conduct an ethical examination of the development and application of persuasive technology. At the same time, the indeterminacy or uncertainty of data-driven algorithmic systems and the multiple moral agents associated with computing products have made traditional assessments difficult. We can’t cope with these challenges, until we have gone beyond the dichotomy between theoretical and applied ethics, expanding the semantic and pragmatic scope of the concept of responsibility. Regarding the ethics of technology we need to effect a shift from an emphasis on the responsibility for passively conceived users to their actively taking responsibility, and establish a new conceptual framework of ethics for the human future. 10.48417/technolang.2024.04.10 17:62 Human-computer interaction Data-driven algorithmic systems Accountability Ethics about the future of humanity https://soctech.spbstu.ru/article/2024.17.10/ 143-157.pdf